London, Mar 15 (ANI): Psychopaths' brains are apparently wired for a constant quest for a reward at any cost, according to new research from Vanderbilt University.
The research has uncovered the role of the brain's reward system in psychopathy and opens a new area of study for understanding what drives these individuals.
"This study underscores the importance of neurological research as it relates to behaviour. The findings may help us find new ways to intervene before a personality trait becomes antisocial behaviour," Nature quoted Dr. Francis S. Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, as saying.
"Psychopaths are often thought of as cold-blooded criminals who take what they want without thinking about consequences. We found that a hyper-reactive dopamine reward system may be the foundation for some of the most problematic behaviours associated with psychopathy, such as violent crime, recidivism and substance abuse," said Joshua Buckholtz, lead author of the new study.
In earlier studies on psychopathy, researchers focused on what these individuals lack-fear, empathy and interpersonal skills.
On the other hand, the new research examines what they have in abundance-impulsivity, heightened attraction to rewards and risk taking. Importantly, it is these latter traits that are most closely linked with the violent and criminal aspects of psychopathy.
"There has been a long tradition of research on psychopathy that has focused on the lack of sensitivity to punishment and a lack of fear, but those traits are not particularly good predictors of violence or criminal behavior. Our data is suggesting that something might be happening on the other side of things. These individuals appear to have such a strong draw to reward-to the carrot-that it overwhelms the sense of risk or concern about the stick," said David Zald, associate professor of psychology and of psychiatry and co-author of the study."
To analyse the relationship between dopamine and psychopathy, the researchers used positron emission tomography, or PET, imaging of the brain to measure dopamine release, in concert with a functional magnetic imaging, or fMRI, probe of the brain's reward system.
"The really striking thing is with these two very different techniques we saw a very similar pattern-both were heightened in individuals with psychopathic traits," Zald said.
In the first portion of the experiment, the researchers gave the volunteers a dose of amphetamine, or speed, and then scanned their brains using PET to view dopamine release in response to the stimulant.
"Our hypothesis was that psychopathic traits are also linked to dysfunction in dopamine reward circuitry. Consistent with what we thought, we found people with high levels of psychopathic traits had almost four times the amount of dopamine released in response to amphetamine," said Buckholtz.
In the second portion of the experiment, the research subjects were told they would receive a monetary reward for completing a simple task. Their brains were scanned with fMRI while they were performing the task.
It was found that in individuals with elevated psychopathic traits the dopamine reward area of the brain, the nucleus accumbens, was much more active while they were anticipating the monetary reward than in the other volunteers.
"It may be that because of these exaggerated dopamine responses, once they focus on the chance to get a reward, psychopaths are unable to alter their attention until they get what they're after," said Buckholtz.
"It's not just that they don't appreciate the potential threat, but that the anticipation or motivation for reward overwhelms those concerns," added Zald.
The results were published in Nature Neuroscience. (ANI)
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