Brain molecules linked to long-term memories discovered

London, March 21 (ANI): Wondering how you remember the colour of your loved one's eyes for years?

Scientists believe that long-term potentiation (LTP) - the long-lasting increase of signals across a connection between brain cells - underlies our ability to remember over time and to learn.

But how that happens is a major question in neuroscience.

Researchers at Duke University Medical Center have found a cascade of signalling molecules that allows a usually very brief signal to last for tens of minutes, providing the brain framework for stronger connections (synapses) that can summon a memory for a period of months or even years.

Their findings about how the synapses change the strength of connections could have a bearing on Alzheimer's disease, autism and mental retardation, said Ryohei Yasuda, assistant professor of neurobiology and senior author.

"We found that a biochemical process that lasts a long time is what causes memory storage," said Yasuda, who is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Early Career Scientist.

The researchers were investigating the signalling molecules that regulate the actin cytoskeleton, which serves as the structural framework of synapses.

"The signaling molecules could help to rearrange the framework, and give more volume and strength to the synapses," said Yasuda.

"We reasoned that a long-lasting memory could possibly come from changes in the building block assemblies."

The team used a 2-photon microscopy technique to visualize molecular signaling within single synapses undergoing LTP, a method developed in the Yasuda lab.

This microscopy method allowed the team to monitor molecular activity in single synapses while measuring the synapses for increase in their volume and strength of the connections.

They found that signaling molecules Rho and Cdc42, regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, are activated by CaMKII, and relay a CaMKII signal into signals lasting many minutes. These long-lasting signals are important for maintaining long-lasting plasticity of synapses, the ability of the brain to change during learning or memorization.

The study has been published in Nature. (ANI)